Du Bois’s Souls

by bela 10/23/2008 10:30:00 PM
In 1903, Du Bois published (what would turn out to be more than an opening act in a long tradition of non-fictional narratives) a collection of thirteen essays and a short story, titled The Souls of Black Folk. As most of his subsequent work, the text exemplifies a fervent commitment to richness and ambiguity, transcending the geographical space of the U.S., and speaking for/to the world at the dawn of a new millennium. Perhaps in terms of dating, the new millennium has just begun, but I would argue that Du Bois’s cultural narrative marks the realization of the new era just around the corner. His simplistic observation, as an act of a magician skilled in his performance ritual, about “the problem of the Twentieth Century [being] the problem of the colorline” is more than an insightful sociological remark.[1] It is a foundation upon which many have later built their Babylon Tower, without acknowledging (knowingly or unknowingly) its existence or its source.The main focus of my ongoing dilemma regarding Du Bois’s work does not only stem from the layout of the work itself, but it is largely attributed to the critical readings on it that I have insofar encountered in my readings. If we look at Houston Baker’s piece[2], we encounter an invigorating reading of Du Bois’s work that nonetheless refuses to allow the narrative an autobiographical classification. On page 58, Baker proposes: “Outside its intensely regional cast, Souls, is virtually unclassifiable. The work is certainly not an autobiography, nor is it merely a collection of random fugitive essays. In a sense, it could be labeled a spiritual meditation – a numinous passage through spiritual landscapes.” With this clear-cut dismissal of the autobiographical-ity of Du Bois’s work, Baker not only dismisses the possibility of an individual story (as given in/through selected fragments) to become a cultural narrative, but also robs the emerging genre of one of its most treasured artifacts. The reason for such a dismissal is evident in the nature of Baker’s approach to Souls, which, in turn, is evident in the next few lines following the dismissal. “But the word “meditation” suggests a passivity that is nowhere apparent in the work. I think the phrase “cultural performance” is perhaps a most apt classification.” (58) I cannot say that I disagree with this formulation of a truly alive narrative; what I find at odds in Baker’s observations is the critic’s inability to see that Du Bois’s “act of cultural triumph” is precisely that due to the author’s persona and personality acting as “arrangers” of this musical performance in prose. As if the label of “autobiography” may take away some (if not all) of the playful originality of Du Bois’s painfully beautiful text. Then, there is the Rampersad essay, from a collection titled Slavery and the Literary Imagination, edited by Deborah E. McDowell and Arnold Rampersad.  In his reading of Du Bois’s Souls, Rampersad establishes a dichotomy between this text and the autobiography of another prominent African-American leader, Booker T. Washington, titled Up from Slavery. The critic finds this juxtapositioning most relevant in his closer examination of the particulars of these texts, since he feels that “the crucial area of difference between them has not been adequately recognized.” (105) Rampersad locates this difference in the authors’ treatment of slavery in their respective works. In order to address a vast array of people as his audience (the men and women who had been born as slaves, as well as the vast majority of populis who were the immediate descendents of slaves), Du Bois, says Rampersad, cannot make use of the classical autobiography as a form, which has served the likes of Washington and Douglass perfectly. “Du Bois’s approach…is in part a revival of the earlier, antebellum spirit of black autobiography and the slave narrative, but in more significant part also differs from that earlier spirit.” (107) The critic then moves on to elaborate further this observation, noting that Du Bois’s focal point (his deeply rooted sense of writing for a specific audience), toppled by his attitude towards slavery, allows, or better demands from him to relinquish the old mode of autobiography and create the loose structure of the collection around two important elements, that of imagination and that of memory. These two concepts are the spiritus movens of Du Bois’s narrative, helping him shape the image of the Veil and the idea of the Black American “double consciousness”. Despite Rampersad’s insightful parallels between the works of Du Bois and Washington, positioned in such a way as to point towards his final argument (that only by exploring the painful reality of slavery can African-Americans begin to understand themselves and their culture), I was left with this lingering sensation of an open ending. I was hoping that Rampersad would explore the impact of the text not only on the audience that Du Bois had in mind, but also on the culture as a single entity. Is it only African-Americans that need to understand ‘their’ culture? Isn’t it as important for the rest of society who are not of African descent to grasp the impact of slavery on this nation as a whole? Are we to treat Du Bois’s experiential experiment as exclusive to African-American readers and appreciators? I would like to believe that Du Bois’s initial attempt at an autobiographical occasion is more than just an individual story of a sacred status in the African-American community within the greater U.S. culture. I am attempting to see the narrative in terms of its place as a link in the chain of the American national narrative, standing tall right next to the Declaration of Independence and the Unites States Constitution. Albert E. Stone writes in his essay “History and the Final Self”, “here, clearly is a deeply felt and long-lasting impulse to order time and history around the self, a desire which unites the diverse aspects of Du Bois’s multifaceted career as a historian, sociologist, NAACP official, and imaginative writer.”[3]  However, the self is also shaped by the impact of time and history, so the ordering of events and the emergence of the narrative self out of them is the imaginative writer’s ability to bring together personal memory and cultural experience for the purposes of continuity and self-preservation. This ability is Du Bois’s strongest weapon and the text’s timelessness, regardless of whether we vow it as autobiographical of simply non-fictional in mode. 


[1] Du Bois, W. E. B., The Souls of Black Folk, First Vintage Books, The Library of America, 1990, p.3, squared brackets added.

[2] Baker, Houston, Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, Chapter 7.

[3] Stone, Albert E., “History and the Final Self: W. E. B. Du Bois and Henry Adams”, from Autobiographical Occasions and Original Acts, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1982, p. 32

Currently rated 5.0 by 4 people

  • Currently 5/5 Stars.
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Tags:

of matters performative, of Spalding Gray

by bela 10/6/2008 9:23:00 PM

Growing up in a conspicuously concealing South-Slavic culture, I was raised with the belief that it is impolite, and outrageously improper to ‘drag one’s own dirty laundry in public’ when striving to create art. Whether or not autobiographical references within one’s artistic work are sent out to constitute a healthy way of ‘being present in society’, by recreating a space for memory to tell its tale, the ‘dealings of one’s life’ are not to be taken as examples of viable art-centric material. As a student (and an overzealous admirer) of American autobiographical narratives, I have continuously struggled with the notion of bringing one’s life into one’s work, and vice versa.


What would be the most stylistically effective way of re-inscribing one’s life experiences into one’s artwork, and at the same time, maintaining a sense of privacy and detachment?


How are life experiences to be narrated as they shape the structure of an artist’s craftsmanship? Should the artist write them down for posterity, encapsulated in the linearity of time, or ought they to be performed, on stage, in front of varied audiences, thus challenging the permanence of life as we remember it and art as we profess to understand it?


The late Spalding Gray’s one-man performance show titled Swimming to Cambodia opened a new venue for my afore mentioned fascination with autobiographically inspired ‘texts’ which question the imposed dividing line that may exist between the private self and its public re-creation through art. I had previously heard of Mr. Gray’s work but was never exposed to its understated grittiness and painfully humorous culpability. The first thing which struck me about Mr. Gray’s performative style was the unpretentious sense of ease with which he proceeded to ‘speak memory’. The anecdotes, if we could label them such, and the long graphic observations which Mr. Gray draws on a number of seemingly disarrayed topics (for example, the ideology of sanuk, and how it relates to the events of the Khmer Rouge massacre, on the one hand, and the pleasure of sanuk, and how it cannot quite tie in with the Western mentality of fighting first and then experiencing joy and harmony later, on the other hand) verbalize a multi-layered narration.

     
We meet with Mr. Gray’s ‘performative self’ (in the Jonathan Demme directed documentary) as he simultaneously re-members the idiosyncrasies of his personal life (his relationship to his ‘significant other’), his professional ‘artistry’ (his miniscule involvement in a big-budget production, namely that of The Killing Fields), his Americaness (his trying interpretation of  the developments behind U.S.’s involvement in Cambodia in the 1970s), and thus, his bare humanity (the honesty with which he re-lives for us his ‘perfect moment(s)’).


Listening to Mr. Gray’s personalized expose of art imitating life imitating art, I felt a disquieting sense of hearing someone talk about my own life, not that I have personally experienced the same mixture of candor, humor and imaginative non-fictionality as Mr. Gray has; however, I managed to ‘find’ myself amidst the shifting points of reference, and strange as it may seem, I recognized my voiced memory in the singularity of Spalding Gray’s almost-too-meticulously rendered life experiences. In that respect, when Mr. Gray voiced the final thoughts of his performance, telling us that he finally understands what killed Marilyn Monroe, I came closer than before to acknowledging my own culture’s dismissal of autobiographical collage art. Do not get me wrong, I am still quite ‘skirmish’ about this set cultural premise, but I am willing to explore its immanent presence in my life. For example, if we deny the private self its sacred abode in the immediacy of our secluded life, then we break the umbilical cord that ties us to a historical past, and at the same time, we allow for that past to take over our memories and shape their representations on a greater cultural canvas, changing them beyond recognition. Thus, we are tempted, in turn, to look for ‘alternative’ ways which will satisfy our ‘disrupted’ private lives and its ‘affair with the past’. We go after men and women who seem to have lived their entire lives in the public eye, born and raised, and killed, in its vicinity. We crucify them over and over again, as they appease our sense of guilt, betrayal, inadequacy, disconnectedness, boredom. We need them today more than ever, since the present-day rules of ‘detached self-immersion’ are blighting. We create iconoclastic cultural narratives that no longer need the icon; only the thought of it will suffice.


Then again, if we share a part of who we are and what we see, with others around us, we allow for that treasured past to travel, to go in-between and re-member its multi-discursiveness; we allow for personal memory to become a part of cultural memory, we foster its/our ‘perfect moments’. We take part in someone else’ story but we do not rob them of it; it becomes ours through common sharing and active participation, as it continues to live among OUR own singular experiences. We grow with these experiences even though we may not agree with their impact on our lives. We perhaps understand why we GIVE BIRTH to someone like Spalding Gray; why we need someone to ‘speak memory’ for us, to tell us what it’s like to be present in life. And then again, I might be mistaken. Maybe at the end of the day, we crave an illusion rather than a lived account of life at its miserable artistic self. At least, it will not harm us in any way.    

Currently rated 5.0 by 3 people

  • Currently 5/5 Stars.
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Tags:

Powered by BlogEngine.NET 1.3.1.0
Theme by Semos Multimedia

Calendar

<<  July 2010  >>
MoTuWeThFrSaSu
2829301234
567891011
12131415161718
19202122232425
2627282930311
2345678

View posts in large calendar

Authors

Recent comments

Disclaimer

The opinions expressed herein are my own personal opinions and do not represent my employer's view in anyway.

© Copyright 2010

Sign in